Joint: Hip Joint           Basic structure, Blood supply to joint ·         Forms the connection between the lower limb and pelvic girdle ·         Strong and stable multi-axial ball-and-socket synovial joint, where the ball is the femoral head and the socket is the acetabulum ·         Depth of acetabulum increased by fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum and transverse acetabular ligament ·         Strong fibrous capsule allows free movement but also crews the femoral head tightly into the acetabulum.  ·         Thick parts of capsule form ligaments of the hip joint o   Iliofemoral ligament: attaches to anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabular rim and intertrochanteric line §  Anterior reinforcement §  Prevents hyperextension of the hip joint by screwing femoral head into acetabulum o   Pubofemoral ligament §  Inferior and anterior reinforcement §  Attaches to obturator crest of pubic bone and merges with fibrous capsule of the hip joint on femur §  Prevents overabduction of hip joint o   Ischiofemoral ligament §  Posterior reinforcement §  Attaches to ischial part of acetabular rim and attaches to greater trochanter §  Screw femoral head medially, preventing hyperextension of hip joint ·         Blood supply to hip joint o   Retinacular folds: formed by synovial membrane.  Contain retinacular blood vessels, branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery (from profundis femoral artery) to supply head and neck of femur o   Ligament of the head with artery to head of femur, branch of obturator Strong pts. and weaknesses                         Most stable when person is bearing weight—holding an object                         Rare for dislocation of hip because so stable                         Can have fracture of femoral neckà arteries to head injuredànecrosis Movements Possible             Flexion-extension             Abduction-adduction             Medial-lateral rotation             Circumduction (of lower limb at hip joint) Muscles responsible for Movement, Origins and Insertions of those Muscles, Innervation of those muscles, Blood Supply and Collateral circulation o   Muscles are organized into three compartments by intermuscular septa that pass between the muscles from the fascia lata to the femur o   Anterior o   Pectineus   §  O-superior ramus of pubis §  I-inferior to lesser trochanter o   Iliopsoas §  Psoas major ·         O-Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae ·         I-Lesser trochanter of femur §  Iliacus ·         O-Iliac and Sacrum ·         I-lesser trochanter of femur o   Tensor of fascia lata §  O-Anterior superior iliac spine §  I-iliotibial tract—ends at lateral condyle of tibia o   Sartorius §  O-Anterior superior iliac spine §  I-superior, medial part of tibia o   Quadriceps femoris §  Rectus femoris: O-anterior inferior iliac spine §  Vastus lateralis: O-greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera §  Vastus medialis: O-intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera §  Vastus intermedius: O-Anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur §  Insertion for all: base of patella and tibial tuberosity o   Innervation to all muscles: femoral nerve (lumbar plexus) §  Exceptions: Tensor of Fascia Lata: superior gluteal, Psoas—anterior rami of L1-L3 o   Blood supply §  Femoral artery ·         Continuation of external iliac ·         See at the saphenous opening and descends down the thigh in a femoral sheath along with femoral vein and lymph vessels; branches into profunda femoral artery ·         Goes through the femoral triangle whose apex is made up by the sartorius and the adductor longus and exits the triangle to go through the adductor canal. ·         Exits the adductor hiatus: hole in the tendon of the adductor magnus and passes through the popliteal fossa and becomes the popliteal artery   o   Movements §  in general, flexors §  TFL: abductor and medial rotator §  Pectineus: adductor o   Medial o   Adductor longus §  O-Inferior portion of pubis §  I-Middle third of linea aspera of femur o   Adductor brevis §  O-Inferior ramus of pubis §  I-Proximal part of linea aspera of femur o   Adductor magnus: adductor part §  O-inferior ramus of pubis §  I-linea aspera of femur o   Gracilis §  O-Inferior ramus of pubis §  I-superior part of medial surface of tibia o   Obturator externus §  O-obturator foramen/membrane §  I-trochanteric fossa of femur o   Innervation to all muscles: obturator (L2-L3) o   Blood supply §  Branches of femoral artery and perforating branches of the profunda femoris artery, obturator artery o   Movements: flexors, adductors o   Gluteal o   Gluteus maximus §  Ilium, sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous ligament §  Iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur o   Gluteus medius §  External surface of ilium §  Greater trochanter of femur o   Gluteus minimus §  External surface of ilium §  Greater trochanter of femur o   Piriformis §  Sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament §  Greater trochanter of femur o   Obturator Internus §  Obturator membrane §  Greater trochanter of femur o   Gemelli §  Superior: ischial spine, inferior: ischial tuberosity §  Greater trochanter of femur o   Quadratus femoris §  Ischial tuberosity §  Intertrochanteric crest o   Innervation, blood supply §  Maximus: inferior gluteal nerve (anterior rami of L4-S1)/artery (int. iliac) §  Minimus, medius: superior gluteal nerve (ant. Rami of L5-S2)/artery §  Piriformis: anterior rami of S1 and S2, obturator artery §  Obturator internus: direct spinal nerve, obturator  artery §  Superior gemellus: obturator internus nerve, obturator artery §  Inferior gemellus and quadratus femoris: spinal nerve to QF, inferior gluteal artery o   Movements §  All but minimus and medius: lateral rotators §  Maximus: extensor §  Medius, minimus: abductor, medial rotator o   Posterior o   Semitendinosus §  Ischial tuberosity §  Superior part of tibia o   Semimembranosus §  Ischial tuberosity §  Medial condyle of tibia o   Biceps femoris §  Long head: ischial tuberosity short head: lateral femur §  Fibula o   Adductor magnus: hamstring part §  Ischial tuberosity §  Adductor tubercle of femur o   Innervation §  Tibial division of sciatic nerve (sacral plexus), except short head: common peroneal division o   Blood supply §  Profundis femoral artery o   Movements §  extensors     Joint:  Knee Joint           Basic structure, Strong pts and weaknesses §  Hinge type synovial joint for extension and flexion §  Some gliding and rolling with rotation about vertical axis §  Three articulations o   Lateral and medial articulations of femur and tibia o   Articulation b/w patella and femur §  Stable due to surrounding muscles and tendons and ligaments connecting tibia and fibula o   Most important stabilizer: quadriceps femoris §  Fibrous capsule of knee joint is strengthened by five extracapsular ligaments o   Patellar ligament: joins margins of the patella to the tibial tuberosity o   Fibular collateral ligament: joins lateral epicondyle of femur to the lateral head of femur §  Tendon of popliteus passes between ligament and lateral meniscus o   Tibial collateral ligament: joins medial epicondyle of femur to superior, medial surface of tibia §  Attached to medial meniscus at midpoint o   Oblique popliteal ligament: expansion of semimembranosus ligament, strengths capsule posteriorly o   Arcuate popliteal ligament §  Two intra-articular ligaments: cruciate ligaments—join femur and tibia o   Anterior: weaker, arises from anterior intercondylar area of tibia and attaches to posterior side of lateral condyle of femur §  Prevents posterior displacement by becoming taut when knee is fully extended o   Posterior: Arises from posterior intercondylar area and attaches to medial condyle of femur §  Tightens during flexion and prevents anterior displacement §  Menisci of knee joint: crescentic plates of fibrocartilage on articular surface of tibiaàshock absorbers §  Prepatellar bursa: anterior to patella—facilitate gliding/sliding §  Joint is weakest when mobile, particularly during sports o   Most common knee injuries are when foot is fixed and force is applied to knee o   Because tibial collateral ligament is attached to medial meniscus, when there is a twisting strain of ligament, the medial meniscus can be detached from fibrous capsule Movements Possible             Flexion and Extension; some rotation during flexion Muscles responsible for Movement, Origins and Insertions of those Muscles, Innervation of those muscles §  Flexion: hamstrings, but also gastrocnemius (see more in ankle joint) §  Medial rotation: popliteus, semitendinousus and semimembranosus §  Lateral rotation: biceps femoris §  Extension: quadriceps             Blood supply/collateral circulation §  Genicular branches of the femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial recurrent and circumflex fibular arteriesàanastomosis         Joint:  Tibiofibrular joint           Basic structure, blood supply and innervation o   Two bones connected by two joints: proximal and distal; and interosseous membrane o   Movement of proximal requires movement at distal o   Proximal: plane type of synovial joint between fibular head and lateral tibial condyle §  Strengthened by anterior and posterior ligaments of fibular head §  Gliding movements during dorsiflexion and plantar flexion §  Blood supply from lateral genicular and anterior tibial recurrent arteries §  Nerves: common fibular nerve ad nerve to popliteus o   Distal: fibrous joint §  Essential of stability of ankle joint; keeps lateral malleolus against lateral surface of talus §  Interosseous ligament, continuation of interosseous membrane, forms connection §  Strengthened by tibiofibular ligaments and inferior transverse ligament §  Arteries: perforating branch of fibular artery §  Nerves: deep fibular, tibial and saphenous             Joint:  Ankle/Talocrural Joint           Basic structure, Strong pts and weaknesses §  Hinge type of synovial joint §  Inferior ends of tibia and fibular form a mortise (deep socket) into which trochlea of talus fits §  Medial malleolus articulates with medial surface of talus o   grip of malleolus is strongest during dorsiflexion of foot o   unstable during plantar flexion because trochlea is narrower posteriorly and therefore lies loosely within mortise §  Fibrous capsule is reinforced by lateral ligament: 3 parts o   Anterior and posterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament o   Torn during forceful inversionàinstability of ankle joint §  Fibrous capsule is reinforced by medial ligament (deltoid) o   Stabilizes the ankle joint during eversion of the foot Movements Possible, Muscles responsible for Movement, Origins and Insertions of those Muscles, Innervation of those muscles, Blood supply §  Dorsiflexion: anterior compartment of leg o   Tibialis anterior §  Superior half of tibia §  Between medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal o   Extensor hallucis longus §  Anterior surface of fibula §  Dorsal side of phalanx of great toe o   Extensor digitorum longus §  Lateral condyle of tibia §  Middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits o   Fibularis tertius §  Inferior third of fibula §  Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal o   Innervation: deep fibular nerveßcommon fibular nerveßsciatic o   Blood supply: anterior tibial arteryßpopliteal arteryßfemoral artery §  Plantarflexion: posterior compartment of leg o   Superficial group §  Gastrocnemius ·         O-Lateral and medial condyle of femur §  Soleus ·         O-Posterior aspect of fibula §  Plantaris ·         O-Lateral supracondyle of femur §  All insert on posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (Achilles) o   Deep Group §  Popliteus ·         Lateral condyle of femur ·         Posterior surface of tibia §  Flexor hallucis longus ·         Inferior 2/3 of posterior of fibula ·         Base of phalanx of big toe §  Flexor digitorum longus ·         Posterior surface of inferior tibia ·         Base of distal phalanges of lateral four digits §  Tibialis posterior ·         Posterior surface of tibia and fibula ·         Tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform and cuboid and base of 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals o   Innervation: tibial nerveßsciatic nerve o   Blood supply: posterior tibial artery (with two veins); also perforating branches of fibular arteryàanastomosis §  Also superficial group has sural arteriesßpopliteal §  Eversion: lateral compartment of leg o   Fibularis longus §  Superior 2/3 of fibula §  Hooks around cuboid and travels medially in sole of foot to insert in base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform o   Fibularis brevis §  Inferior 2/3 of fibula §  Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal o   Innervation: superficial fibular nerveßcommon fibular nerveßsciatic o   Blood supply: fibular arteryßposterior tibial arteryßpopliteal arteryßfemoral a. §  Also posterior tibial arteryàanastomosis §  Inversion: tibialis anterior and posterior     Joint:  Subtalar           Basic structure §  Talus rests on and articulates with calcaneus §  Synovial joint §  Fibrous capsule is weak but supported by medial, lateral, posterior and interosseous talocalaneal ligaments Movements Possible §  Inversion and Eversion Joint: Transverse tarsal joint           Basic structure §  Includes talocalcaneonavicular and calcaneoucuboid joints §  Head of talus and anterior portion of calcaneus joins with the navicular and cuboid Movements Possible §  Inversion and Eversion Joints:  Tarsometatarsal, Intermetatarsal, Metatarsophalangeal, Interphalangeal           Relatively small joints and so tightly joined by ligaments that only slight mvmt occurs             All synovial joints   Stuff about the foot Arches §  Longitudinally arched: passively maintained by plantar aponeurosis (proximally attached to calcaneus and distally to digits), ligaments in foot and arrangement of foot o   Ligaments §  Long plantar ligament: from calcaneus to groove for fibularis longus tendon §  Short plantar ligament: deep to long plantar ligament; form inferior surface of calcaneus to inferior surface of cuboid §  Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament/spring ligament: from talar shelf to posteroinferior surface of navicular ·         Maintains arches and bears weight transferred from talar head Bearing points             Calcaneus and heads of five metatarsal bones Blood Supply ·         Dorsum of foot o   Dorsal pedis arteryßanterior tibial artery o   Arcuate arteryßdorsal pedis artery ·         Sole of foot o   Plantar vessels from posterior tibial artery Cutaneous Innervation ·         Skin of heel: medial calcanean nerve ßtibial and sural nerve ·         Skin of medial side of sole of foot: digital branches of medial plantar nerveßtibial nerve ·         Skin of lateral side of sole of foot: digital branches of lateral plantar nerveßtibial nerve             Muscles (starting with superficial muscles on the plantar side) ·         1st layer o   abductor hallucis ·         tuberosity of calcaneus ·         proximal phalanx of first digit ·         fxn: abducts and flexes big toe ·         innerv: medial plantar nerve o   flexor digitorum brevis ·         tuberosity of calcaneus ·         phalanges of lateral four digits ·         fxn: flexes lateral four digits ·         innerv: medial plantar nerve o   abductor digiti minimi ·         tuberosity of calcaneus ·         lateral side of base of phalanx of 5th digit ·         fxn: abducts and flexes 5th digit ·         lateral plantar nerve ·         2nd layer o   Quadratae plantae ·         Plantar surface of calcaneus ·         Tendon of flexor digitorum longus ·         Fxn: assists in flexing lateral four digits ·         Innervation: lateral plantar nerve o   Lumbricals ·         Tendons of flexor digitorum longus ·         Lateral four digits ·         Fxn: flex proximal phalanges and extend middle and distal phalanges ·         Innervation: medial and lateral plantar nerve ·         3rd layer o   Flexor hallucis brevis ·         Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms ·         Proximal phalanx of 1st digit ·         Fxn: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit ·         Innervation: medial plantar nerve o   Adductor hallucis ·         Oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4; transverse head: plantar ligaments ·         Both heads insert to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit ·         Fxn: adducts first digit, maintains transverse arch of foot ·         Innerv: lateral plantar nerve ** o   Flexor digiti minimi brevis ·         Base of 5th metatarsal ·         Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit ·         Fxn: flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit ·         Lateral plantar nerve ·         4th layer o   plantar interossei (three muscles): adductors ·         metatarsals 3-5 ·         proximal phalanges 3-5 o   dorsal interossei (four muscles): abductors ·         metatarsals 1-5 ·         phalanges of 2-4